Non?Animal Strategies for Toxicity Assessment of Nanoscale Materials: Role of Adverse Outcome Pathways in the Selection of Endpoints

Faster, cheaper, sensitive, and mechanisms-based animal alternatives are needed to address the safety assessment needs of growing number nanomaterials (NM) their sophisticated property variants. Specifically, strategies that help identify prioritize alternative schemes involving individual test models, toxicity endpoints, assays for adverse outcomes, as well enable validation refinement these regulatory acceptance needed. In this review, two 1) current nanotoxicology literature review 2) outcome pathways (AOPs) framework, a systematic process allows assembly available mechanistic information concerning toxicological response in simple modular format, presented. The highlights most frequently assessed reported ad hoc vivo vitro measurements literature, various AOPs relevance inhalation NM presently under development, 3) applicability identifying key events targeted assay development. Finally, using an existing AOP lung fibrosis, specific combinations cell types, exposure systems, experimentally supported thus, can be used assessing NM-induced proposed.